RESUMO
The effect of micronization of granulometrically fractionated olive pomace (OP) on the bioaccessibility of polyphenols and the antioxidant capacity was investigated during sequential in vitro static digestion. Crude OP was fractionated in a 2-mm sieve (F1: > 2 mm; F2: < 2 mm) and then micronized (300 r min-1, 5 h) generating F1AG (17.8 µm) and F2AG (15.6 µm). Micronization increased the release of hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein, caffeic acid, and decarboxymethyl oleuropein aglycone (3,4-DHPEA-EDA) in the salivary and gastric phase, beyond luteolin in the gastric phase. Micronization also increased the intestinal bioaccessibility of hydroxytyrosol, 3,4-DHPEA-EDA, oleuropein, luteolin, and apigenin; it was more effective for F2AG than F1AG. Micronized samples increased antioxidant capacity in the gastric phase. F2AG exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity in the insoluble intestinal fraction. Thus, micronization can be further exploited to improve the nutraceutical properties of OP by increasing the bioaccessibility and antioxidant capacity of phenolic compounds.
Assuntos
Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Olea/química , Polifenóis/análise , Antioxidantes/química , Ácidos Cafeicos/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Digestão , Glucosídeos Iridoides , Iridoides/análise , Olea/metabolismo , Azeite de Oliva/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Análise de Componente Principal , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
Herein we report for the first time the levels of phenylpropanoids and iridoids in extracts and infusions of V. minutiflora consumed in Brazil to treat urinary and infectious disorders. An in house validation study demonstrated good accuracy and precision to determine the bioactive compounds in V. minutiflora by HPLC-DAD. Phenylpropanoids varied in the extracts (leaves 139.70 to 221.20 mg g-1, flowers 106.43 to 227.22 mg g-1, stems 42.18 to 56.48 mg g-1). Verbascoside occurred in higher concentration in extracts of leaves (87.66 - 136.16) mg g-1 and flowers (58.12 - 148.96) mg g-1 than in stems (19.24 - 24.62) mg g-1. Iridoids in extracts were as follows: leaves (46.60 - 54.79) mg g-1, flowers (55.88 - 93.87) mg g-1 and stems (40.05 to 61.74) mg g-1. High levels of iridoids (314.70 - 415.10) µg mL-1, phenylpropanoids (1996.39 - 2674.13) µg mL-1 and verbascoside (1029.38 - 1456.42 µg mL-1) in infusions support the popular consume of V. minutiflora.
Assuntos
Verbena , Brasil , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Iridoides/análise , Extratos Vegetais , Folhas de Planta/químicaRESUMO
Soybean is one of the most important commodities in the world, being applied in feed crops and food, pharmaceutical industries in different ways. Soy is rich in isoflavones that in aglycone forms have exhibited significant anti-obesity and anti-lipogenic effects. Obesity is a global problem as several diseases have been related to this worldwide epidemic. The aim of this work was to verify the effect of free and immobilized ß-glucosidase, testing Lentikats, and sol-gel as carriers. Moreover, we wanted to examine if the different types of hydrolysis would generate extracts with distinct biological activity concerning lipid accumulation, PPAR-α regulation, and TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 concentrations using in vitro assays. Our results show that all formulations of ß-glucosidase could hydrolyze soy isoflavones. Thus, after 24 h of incubation, daidzein content increased 2.6-, 10.8-, and 12.2-fold; and genistein content increased 11.7, 11.4, and 11.4 times with the use of free enzyme, Lentikats®, and sol-gel immobilized enzyme, respectively. Moreover, both methodologies for enzyme immobilization led to promising forms of biocatalysts for application in the production of soy extracts rich in isoflavones aglycones, which are expected to bring about health benefits. A mild lipogenic effect was observed for some concentrations of extracts, as well as a slight inhibition in PPAR-α expression, although no significant differences were noticeable in the cytokines TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-6 as compared with the control.
Assuntos
Enzimas Imobilizadas/metabolismo , Glycine max/química , Iridoides/análise , Iridoides/farmacologia , Isoflavonas/química , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , beta-Glucosidase/metabolismo , Animais , Enzimas Imobilizadas/química , Hidrólise , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Camundongos , Células RAW 264.7 , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , beta-Glucosidase/químicaRESUMO
The crude drug ysypó hû (Adenocalymma marginatum DC., Bignoniaceae) is used traditionally by the Guarani of Eastern Paraguayan as a male sexual enhancer. The aim of the present study was to identify the main constituents of the crude drug and to evaluate the in vitro inhibitory activity towards the enzyme phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5). The main compounds were isolated by counter-current chromatography (CCC). The metabolites were identified by spectroscopic and spectrometric means. The chemical profiling of the extracts was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The crude extract and main isolated compounds were tested for their PDE-5 inhibitory activity using commercial kits. The iridoid theviridoside and 4-hydroxy-1-methylproline were isolated as the main constituent of the crude drug. Four chlortheviridoside hexoside derivatives were detected for the first time as natural products. Chemical profiling by HPLC-MS/MS led to the tentative identification of nine iridoids, six phenolics, and five amino acids. The crude extracts and main compounds were inactive towards PDE-5 at concentrations up to 500 µg/mL. Iridoids and amino acid derivatives were the main compounds occurring in the Paraguayan crude drug. The potential of ysypó hû as a male sexual enhancer cannot be discarded, since other mechanisms may be involved.
Assuntos
Bignoniaceae/química , Iridoides/química , Inibidores da Fosfodiesterase 5/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Aminoácidos/análise , Aminoácidos/química , Aminoácidos/isolamento & purificação , Bignoniaceae/metabolismo , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Misturas Complexas , Distribuição Contracorrente , Glicosídeos Iridoides , Iridoides/análise , Iridoides/isolamento & purificação , Paraguai , Fenóis/análise , Fenóis/química , Fenóis/isolamento & purificação , Inibidores da Fosfodiesterase 5/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/metabolismo , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
Valeriana amurensis Smir. ex Kom. widely distributed in the northeast region of China and some region in Russia and Korea, and its underground parts (roots and rhizomes) being used to cure nervous system diseases such as insomnia. The active components including the essential oil and iridoids of underground parts were investigated in different harvest periods in order to evaluate the quality for the roots and rhizomes of V. amurensis. The content of the essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and bornyl acetate in the oil was quantitated by GC-EI. The iridoids, valepotriates were determined by potentiometric titration and the main component, valtrate was quantitated by HPLC-UV. The factors of biomass were considered in the determination of collection period. Statistical analysis of results showed that, the highest content of the essential oil per plant was 22.69 µl in withering period and then 21.58 µl in fruit ripening period, while the highest contents of bornyl acetate, valepotriates and valtrate per plant were 2.82 mg, 31.90 mg and 0.98 mg in fruit ripening period separately. Fruit ripening period was decided as the best harvest period for the content of active constituents and output of drug, and it would provide scientific basis for the artificial cultivation of V. amurensis.
Valeriana amurensis Smir. ex Kom. Se distribuye ampliamente en la regioÌn noreste de China y en algunas regiones de Rusia y Corea, y sus partes subterraÌneas (raiÌces y rizomas) se utilizan para curar enfermedades del sistema nervioso como el insomnio. Se investigaron los componentes activos, incluidos el aceite esencial y los iridoides de las partes subterraÌneas de V. amurensis en diferentes periÌodos de cosecha para evaluar la calidad de las raiÌces y rizomas. El contenido del aceite esencial se obtuvo mediante hidrodestilacioÌn y el acetato de bornilo en el aceite se cuantificoÌ por GC-EI. Los iridoides, valepotriatos se determinaron mediante valoracioÌn potenciomeÌtrica y el componente principal, el valtrato se cuantificoÌ por HPLC-UV. Los factores de biomasa fueron considerados en la determinacioÌn del periÌodo de recoleccioÌn. El anaÌlisis estadiÌstico de los resultados mostroÌ que el mayor contenido de aceite esencial por planta fue de 22,69 µl en el periÌodo de marchitacioÌn y luego de 21,58 µl en el periÌodo de maduracioÌn de la fruta, mientras que el mayor contenido de acetato de bornilo, valepotriatos y valtrato por planta fue de 2.82 mg, 31.90 mg y 0,98 mg, respectivamente, en el periÌodo de maduracioÌn de la fruta por separado. Se definioÌ el periÌodo de maduracioÌn de la fruta como el mejor periÌodo de cosecha para el contenido de constituyentes activos y la produccioÌn de droga, lo cual proporcionariÌa una base cientiÌfica para el cultivo artificial de V. amurensis.
Assuntos
Valeriana/química , Óleos Voláteis/química , Raízes de Plantas/química , Estações do Ano , Canfanos/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Rizoma/química , Iridoides/análiseRESUMO
Large segments of the Brazilian population still suffer from malnutrition and diet-related illnesses. In contrast, many native fruits have biodiversity and are underexploited sources of bioactive compounds and unknown to consumers. The phytochemical composition of nine underexplored Brazilian fruits was determined. Carotenoids and anthocyanins were identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-MS/MS), and phenolic compounds and iridoids were identified by flow injection analysis-electrospray-ion trap-tandem mass spectrometry (FIA-ESI-IT-MS/MS); in total, 84 compounds were identified. In addition, the chemical structure and pathway mass fragmentation of new iridoids from jenipapo ( Genipa americana) and jatoba ( Hymenae coubaril) are proposed. The highest level of carotenoids was registered in pequi ( Caryocar brasiliense; 10156.21 µg/100 g edible fraction), while the major total phenolic content was found in cambuci ( Campomanesia coubaril; 221.70 mg GAE/100 g). Anthocyanins were quantified in jabuticaba ( Plinia cauliflora; 45.5 mg/100 g) and pitanga ( Eugenia uniflora; 81.0 mg/100 g). Our study illustrates the chemical biodiversity of underexplored fruits from Brazil, supporting the identification of new compounds and encouraging the study of more food matrixes not yet investigated.
Assuntos
Frutas/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Antocianinas/análise , Biodiversidade , Brasil , Carotenoides/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Dieta , Iridoides/análise , Iridoides/química , Espectrometria de Massas , Valor Nutritivo , Fenóis/análise , Clima TropicalRESUMO
The effect of the composition of twelve varieties of extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs) on their differentiation based in agronomic criteria and on the antioxidant capacity was studied. Principal component analysis permitted an overview of the samples and their compositions, showing evidence of grouping and correlation between antioxidant capacity, oleuropein and ligstroside derivatives (OLD) and specific extinction at 270. Oleic and linoleic acids, 3,4-DHPEA-EA and p-HPEA-EDA (OLD), unsaturated/saturated ratio and induction time (IT) allowed the correct classification of samples according to year of harvest, ripening stage and variety. The antioxidant capacity of EVOOs was satisfactory predicted through a partial least square model based on ΔK, hydroxytyrosol, pinoresinol, oleuropein derivate and IT. Validation of the model gave a correlation R>0.83 and an error of 7% for independent samples. This model could be a useful tool for the olive industry to highlight the nutritional quality of EVOOs and improve their marketing.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/análise , Azeite de Oliva/análise , Azeite de Oliva/química , Agricultura , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Chile , Análise de Alimentos , Furanos/análise , Glucosídeos/análise , Glucosídeos Iridoides , Iridoides/análise , Análise dos Mínimos Quadrados , Lignanas/análise , Álcool Feniletílico/análogos & derivados , Álcool Feniletílico/análise , Análise de Componente Principal , Piranos/análiseRESUMO
The search for compounds with functional properties from natural sources has grown in recent years as people have developed healthier habits. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the extraction of bioactive compounds from various parts of unripe genipap fruit (Genipa americana L.) by using pressurized ethanol to verify which part of the fruit provides the greatest recovery of the iridoids genipin and geniposide. Two process variables were studied: temperature (50 and 80°C) and pressure (2, 12 and 20 bar). The whole fruit and the peel, mesocarp, endocarp, endocarp+seeds and seeds of the fruit were studied. The endocarp presented with the highest recovery of genipin (48.6±0.6mg/g raw material) and the extraction from the mesocarp allowed a greater recovery of geniposide (59±1mg/g raw material). The highest values of total phenolic content were obtained with mesocarp extracts. The endocarp and mesocarp extracts presented the highest antioxidant activity as measured by FRAP and DPPH. These results are promising and support the use of unripe genipap fruit as a source of iridoids and natural antioxidants.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/análise , Frutas/química , Iridoides/análise , Fenóis/análise , Extratos Vegetais/química , Rubiaceae/química , Etanol , Manipulação de Alimentos/instrumentação , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Iridoides/isolamento & purificação , Sementes/químicaRESUMO
Lider-7-tang, a medicine used for the treatment of respiratory diseases especially pneumonia and fever in Mongolian Traditional Medicine, was selected for this phytochemical and pharmacological study. The objectives of the study were to determine total biological active substances and analyze the effects of Lider-7-tang treatment in rats with acute lung injury (ALI). Quantitative determination of the total active constituents (phenolic, flavonoid, iridoid and alkaloid) of the methanol extract of Lider-7-tang was performed using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, aluminum chloride reagent, Trim-Hill reagent, and Bromocresol green reagent, respectively. A total of fifty 8-10-week-old male Wistar rats (200-240 g) were randomized into three groups: control group, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group (7.5 mg/kg) and LPS+Lider-7 group (90 mg/kg Lider-7-tang before LPS administration). The total content of alkaloids was 0.2±0.043%, total phenols 7.8±0.67%, flavonoids 3.12±0.206%, and iridoids 0.308±0.0095%. This study also evaluated the effects of Lider-7 on levels of inflammatory mediators by observing histopathological features associated with LPS-induced ALI. The rats pretreated with Lider-7 had significantly lower levels of IL-6 (at 3 and 6 h), and TNF-α (at 3, 6, 9, and 12 h). The current study showed that Lider-7 exerted a preventive effect against LPS-induced ALI, which appeared to be mediated by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Assuntos
Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/prevenção & controle , Alcaloides/farmacologia , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Iridoides/farmacologia , Fenóis/farmacologia , Plantas Medicinais/química , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/patologia , Alcaloides/análise , Animais , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Flavonoides/análise , Indicadores e Reagentes , Interleucina-6/sangue , Iridoides/análise , Lipopolissacarídeos , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/patologia , Masculino , Molibdênio , Mongólia , Fenóis/análise , Fitoterapia/métodos , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacologia , Ratos Wistar , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Espectrofotometria , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangue , Compostos de TungstênioRESUMO
A novel methodology is presented for the enhanced electrochemical detection of oleuropein in complex plant matrices by Graphene Oxide Pencil Grahite Electrode (GOPGE) in combination with a buffer modified with a Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent, containing 10% (v/v) of Lactic acid, Glucose and H2 O (LGH). The electrochemical behavior of oleuropein in the modified-working buffer was examined using differential pulse voltammetry. The combination of both modifications, NADES modified buffer and nanomaterial modified electrode, LGH-GOPGE, resulted on a signal enhancement of 5.3 times higher than the bare electrode with unmodified buffer. A calibration curve of oleuropein was performed between 0.10 to 37 µM and a good linearity was obtained with a correlation coefficient of 0.989. Detection and quantification limits of the method were obtained as 30 and 102 nM, respectively. In addition, precision studies indicated that the voltammetric method was sufficiently repeatable, %RSD 0.01 and 3.16 (n = 5) for potential and intensity, respectively. Finally, the proposed electrochemical sensor was successfully applied to the determination of oleuropein in an olive leaf extract prepared by ultrasound-assisted extraction. The results obtained with the proposed electrochemical sensor were compared with Capillary Zone Electrophoresis analysis with satisfactory results.