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OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of general and public access to prescription drugs in the Brazilian population aged 15 or older in 2019, and to identify inequities in access, according to intersections of gender, color/race, socioeconomic level, and territory. METHODS: We analyzed data from the 2019 National Health Survey with respondents aged 15 years or older who had been prescribed a medication in a healthcare service in the two weeks prior to the interview (n = 19,819). The outcome variable was access to medicines, subdivided into general access (public, private and mixed), public access (via the Unified Health System - SUS) for those treated by the SUS, and public access (via the SUS) for those not treated by the SUS. The study's independent variables were used to represent axes of marginalization: gender, color/race, socioeconomic level, and territory. The prevalence of general and public access in the different groups analyzed was calculated and the association of the outcomes with the aforementioned axes was estimated with odds ratios (OR) using logistic regression models. RESULTS: There was a high prevalence of general access (84.9%), when all sources of access were considered, favoring more privileged segments of the population, such as men, white, and those of high socioeconomic status. When only the medicines prescribed in the SUS were considered, there was a low prevalence (30.4% access) that otherwise benefited marginalized population segments, such as women, black, and people from low socioeconomic backgrounds. CONCLUSIONS: Access to medicines through the SUS proves to be an instrument for combating intersectional inequities, lending credence to the idea that the SUS is an efficient public policy for promoting social justice.

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The collective action of MOCAO, Movimiento en resistencia contra las agresiones oculares del ESMAD (Escuadrón Móvil An-tidisturbios) is a social strateg y to demand access to justice and the fulfilment of guarantees of reparation and non-repetition in Colombia. A brief account of significant events in our trajecto-ry as a social movement is presented, together with our letter of petitions to the national government as victims and survivors of ocular aggressions in the framework of police violence. Al-though ESMAD today has been reformed under the name of the Unit for Dialogue and Maintenance of Order (UNDMO), we consider that there have not yet been structural changes to ensure that its function is related to protecting the constitution-al right to social protest.

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INTRODUCTION: Justicia pectoralis Jacq. is traditionally applied in folk medicine in Brazil and in several Latin American countries. The leaves are used in tea form, especially in the treatment of respiratory disorders, acting as an expectorant. It also has activity in gastrointestinal disorders, and it is anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, sedative, and estrogenic, among others. AIMS: To investigate the gastroprotective activity of the methanol extract of the leaves of Justicia pectoralis Jacq. (MEJP) in different experimental models of gastric ulcers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The adult leaves of Justicia pectoralis Jacq. were collected and cultivated in beds, with an approximate spacing of 40 × 40 cm, organic fertilization, irrigation with potable water and without shelter from light. The MEJP was prepared from the dried and pulverized leaves and concentrated under reduced pressure in a rotary evaporator. For the experimental model of gastric ulcer, Swiss male albino mice were used. The inputs used in the experiment were MEJP at three different concentrations (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg p.o.), cimetidine (50 mg/kg p.o.), indomethacin (50 mg/kg s.c.) and vehicle (10 mL/kg p.o.). RESULTS: MEJP (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg p.o.) demonstrated gastroprotective activity, with levels of protection of 45.65%, 44.80% and 40.22%, respectively, compared to the control (vehicle). Compared with cimetidine (48.29%), MEJP showed similar gastroprotective activity. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the gastroprotective activity of MEJP and contributes to validate the traditional use the species for gastric disorders and provides a pharmacological basis for its clinical potential.

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Global health faces the triple challenge of preparing for future pandemics while responding to current ones in the midst of a climate crisis. In this commentary, we discuss the heightened focus on pandemic preparedness after the COVID-19 pandemic and the risks that this may pose to addressing the elimination of AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis and malaria, established in the Sustainable Development Goals as target 3.3. Considering their interconnections with the climate crisis and advocating for global health justice, we identify impasses that such a dispute over priorities can imply, and comment on four fronts of actions that could contribute convergently to both agendas as well as to facing the consequences of climate change to health: strengthening health systems, global commitment to equitable access to strategic medicines, addressing social inequalities and joining efforts for health and climate justice We conclude that addressing these fronts safeguards the health rights of the most vulnerable to existing epidemics while enhancing readiness for future pandemics. Moreover, solutions must transcend technocratic approaches, necessitating the confrontation of inequalities perpetuated by systems of power and privilege fueling both health and climate crises. Ultimately, health justice should guide responses to this intricate triple global health challenge.

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Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador's historic election victory in 2018 marked a sharp break from past decades of neoliberal socioeconomic policies. López Obrador campaigned on the promise of deep reform, with health care high on his agenda. The public health care sector had been decimated by decades of budget cuts, eroding workers' morale and patients' confidence, and crippling all aspects of the system. This article looks back to the creation of the nation's public health care system in the early twentieth century during the administration of President Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940). This "universal" system was designed to implement a central social justice goal of the Mexican Revolution of health care for all. The program rested on two pillars: providing care to the nation's vast, impoverished rural population and actively engaging communities in their own health care. Our objective is to critically assess the two presidents' health care initiatives within the distinct historical contexts of their administrations.

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Parental socialization strategies are critical in explaining adolescents' online behavior. This study examined the relationships between parental restorative discipline, observed justice sensitivity, and cyber-bystander defender intervention (constructive and aggressive) in cyberbullying. The sample comprised 900 Mexican adolescents (40.2% male and 58.8% female), of which 450 were from secondary school (M age = 13.6, SD = 0.8) and 450 were from high school (M age = 15.4, SD = 1.3). Structural equation modeling with latent variables was performed. Overall, the results indicate that parental restorative discipline positively relates to the observer's justice sensitivity and the adoption of constructive interventions by cyber-bystander defenders. However, restorative discipline had no significant direct relationship with aggressive intervention. Observers' justice sensitivity mediates the association between restorative parenting discipline and aggressive or constructive defender interventions. Gender does not moderate the relationship proposed in the structural model. These findings suggest that parental restorative discipline explains constructive and aggressive cyber-bystander defender interventions in cyberbullying.

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This article tried, from an intersectional standpoint, to grasp the challenges experienced by health professionals and service users of human milk banks in provision of care for transgender men chestfeeding. This exploratory, descriptive qualitative study drew on interviews of six human milk bank staff, who had previously assisted trans men in relation to chestfeeding and two bisexual trans men, who chestfed. The data was treated by thematic analysis, supported by Atlas.ti software, version 9.0. Lacunas in the educational, institutional and management spheres, associated with personal and social issues, reproduce a pre-conceived normative model and disregard the special demands of providing chestfeeding care for the trans population. Cisheteronormativity and "professional supremacy" operate in personal, social and institutional respects to segregate transgender men in lactation support services. Intersectional analysis of these challenges affords an overall view of segregative factors and enables public policies to be introduced to promote social justice.

O objetivo deste artigo é apreender os desafios nas vivências dos usuários e profissionais de Banco de Leite Humano no atendimento a homens transgêneros no contexto da amamentação sob à luz da Interseccionalidade. Estudo qualitativo descritivo-exploratório a partir de entrevistas realizadas com seis profissionais do Banco de Leite Humano, que atenderam previamente homens trans no contexto de amamentação, e dois homens trans bissexuais, que amamentaram ao peito. Os dados foram tratados pela Análise Temática com auxílio do software Atlas.ti versão 9.0. Observam-se lacunas nas esferas educacionais, institucionais e na gestão, associadas a questões pessoais e sociais, que reproduzem um modelo pré-concebido normativo, desconsiderando as singularidades requeridas no atendimento à população trans no contexto da amamentação. A cisheteronormatividade e a supremacia do profissional operam em âmbitos pessoais, sociais e institucionais para a segregação de homens transgêneros nos serviços de suporte à amamentação. A análise interseccional destes desafios permite uma visão global dos fatores de segregação e a implementação de políticas públicas promotoras da justiça social.

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This article proposes a reflection on the imperative of antiracism in collective oral health, which, as a science, field, core, and praxis, contributes significantly to the reconstruction of an ethos that considers equity and enables citizenship and democracy. As a paradigm, we assumed the concept of "Buccality" and the guidelines of the National Comprehensive Health Policy for the Black Population, emphasizing the defense of the right to health as a prerogative of the right to life and the combat against racism and all forms of discrimination systematically. As a critical exercise, we discussed the status quo of collective oral health. We pointed to adopting a racial pro-equity perspective as an intentional, political choice socially agreed upon with all of society for social justice. Finally, we propose recommendations for dismantling systemic racism in collective oral health.

Este artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre o imperativo do antirracismo na saúde bucal coletiva, a qual, como núcleo e práxis, pode contribuir de forma significativa para a (re)construção de um ethos que contemple a equidade e viabilize a cidadania e a democracia. Como paradigma, assumimos o conceito "Bucalidade" e as diretrizes da Política Nacional de Saúde Integral da População Negra, pela ênfase no direito à saúde como prerrogativa do direito à vida e no combate ao racismo e a todas as formas de discriminação, em quaisquer espaços, como indutor desse ethos. Como exercício crítico, abordamos o status quo da saúde bucal coletiva e apontamos para uma perspectiva pró-equidade racial como uma escolha intencional, política e pactuada socialmente em busca da justiça social. Por fim, trazemos proposições para a implementação desse ethos por assumir o enfrentamento do racismo sistêmico no campo da saúde bucal coletiva como inadiável para a preservação da vida-boca e aprimoramento da democracia.

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