RESUMO
The aim of this study was to isolate Aspergillus section Nigri from onion samples bought in supermarkets and to analyze the fungal isolates by means of molecular data in order to differentiate A. niger and A. welwitschiae species from the other non-toxigenic species of black aspergilli, and detect genes involved in the biosynthesis of ochratoxin A and fumonisin B2. Aspergillus section Nigri were found in 98% (94/96) of the onion samples. Based on the results of multiplex PCR (performed on 500 randomly selected strains), 97.4% of the Aspergillus section Nigri strains were recognized as A. niger/A. welwitschiae. Around half of them were subjected to partial sequencing of the CaM gene to distinguish one from the other. A total of 97.9% of the isolates were identified as A. welwitschiae and only 2.1% as A. niger. The fum8 gene, involved in fumonisin B2 biosynthesis, was found in 36% of A. welwitschiae isolates, but radH and pks genes, involved in ochratoxin A biosynthesis, were found in only 2.8%. The presence/absence of fum8 gene in the A. welwitschiae genome is closely associated with ability/inability of the isolates to produce fumonisin in vitro. Based on these results, we suggest that in-depth studies are conducted to investigate the presence of fumonisins in onion bulbs.
Assuntos
Aspergillus niger/genética , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Genoma Bacteriano , Micotoxinas/metabolismo , Cebolas/microbiologia , Aspergillus niger/classificação , Aspergillus niger/isolamento & purificação , Vias Biossintéticas/fisiologia , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Fumonisinas/metabolismo , Micotoxinas/classificação , Ocratoxinas/biossíntese , Filogenia , PrevalênciaRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of grazing on the agronomic characteristics, grain yield, andpresence of the mycotoxins aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone in IPR 126 oat, BRS Tarumãwheat, and IPR 111 triticale. This study was performed from April 24, 2012 to November 11, 2013 atUNIOESTEs Experimental Farm in southern Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized blockin a banded scheme, with four replications. The treatments in the A tracks were the three crops andthe B tracks, the treatments: without grazing, one grazing event, or two grazing events. One grazingreduced the productivity of oat by 42.48% and triticale by 28.09% and increased wheat productivityby 24.89%. Two grazings reduced oat productivity by 54.14%, wheat by 40.96%, and triticale by54.69%. Crops subjected to two grazings should be used for dry matter production for ground coveror partially used for silage when the plant is in the pasty or semi-hard grain stage, as grazing affectsthe agronomic characteristics and grain yield. The BRS Tarumã wheat, when used in crop-livestockintegration systems, should be grazed only once due to increased productivity, while IPR 126 oat andIPR 111 triticale should not be grazed in crop-livestock integration systems for commercial productionof grain. Oats from grazed plants should not be added to feeds of poultry in the early stage or pigs inthe early and growth stages due to the higher levels of aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone. Grazingof winter crops increases the length of the crop cycle and grain formation will occur under climaticconditions favorable to the mycotoxins. Therefore, when grains are intended for human consumption,grazing is not recommended, as it increases the possibility of aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone atlevels above the maximum tolerable levels permitted by law. These grains should be supplied to animalsonly after analysis of the mycotoxin levels present in the grains.
Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos dos pastejos nas características agronômicas, produtividade de grãose presença das micotoxinas: aflatoxinas, fumonisinas e zearalenona em grãos de aveia IPR 126, trigoBRS Tarumã e triticale IPR 111. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no período de 24/04/2012 a 21/03/2014(24º3156,1S; 54º0110.3O). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso em esquema defaixas, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos nas faixas A foram as três culturas e nas faixas B osmanejo:sem pastejo, um pastejo e dois pastejos. O manejo com apenas um pastejo reduziu a produtividadede grãos da aveia em 42,48% e do triticale em 28,09% e aumentou a produtividade do trigo em 24,89%.O manejo com dois pastejos reduziu a produtividade da aveia em 54,14%, do trigo em 40,96% e dotriticale em 54,69%. As culturas submetidas a dois pastejos devem ser diferidas para produção dematéria seca para cobertura do solo ou utilizar de forma parcial a planta no estágio de grãos pastosos ousemiduros para silagem, pois o pastejo prejudica as características agronômicas e produtividade. O trigoBRS Tarumã, quando utilizado em sistema de ILP deverá ser pastejado apenas uma vez com aumentode produtividade, enquanto a aveia IPR 126 e o triticale IPR 111 não devem ser pastejados em sistemasde integração lavoura pecuária para produção comercial de grãos. Grãos de aveia oriundos de plantasque foram submetidas a pastejo não devem ser adicionados em rações para aves na fase inicial e suínosna fase inicial e crescimento por possuírem maiores teores de aflatoxinas, fuminisinas e zearelenona.
Assuntos
Avena/microbiologia , Micotoxinas/classificação , Pastagens/análise , Triticale/microbiologia , Triticum/microbiologia , Aflatoxinas/análiseRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of grazing on the agronomic characteristics, grain yield, andpresence of the mycotoxins aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone in IPR 126 oat, BRS Tarumãwheat, and IPR 111 triticale. This study was performed from April 24, 2012 to November 11, 2013 atUNIOESTEs Experimental Farm in southern Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized blockin a banded scheme, with four replications. The treatments in the A tracks were the three crops andthe B tracks, the treatments: without grazing, one grazing event, or two grazing events. One grazingreduced the productivity of oat by 42.48% and triticale by 28.09% and increased wheat productivityby 24.89%. Two grazings reduced oat productivity by 54.14%, wheat by 40.96%, and triticale by54.69%. Crops subjected to two grazings should be used for dry matter production for ground coveror partially used for silage when the plant is in the pasty or semi-hard grain stage, as grazing affectsthe agronomic characteristics and grain yield. The BRS Tarumã wheat, when used in crop-livestockintegration systems, should be grazed only once due to increased productivity, while IPR 126 oat andIPR 111 triticale should not be grazed in crop-livestock integration systems for commercial productionof grain. Oats from grazed plants should not be added to feeds of poultry in the early stage or pigs inthe early and growth stages due to the higher levels of aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone. Grazingof winter crops increases the length of the crop cycle and grain formation will occur under climaticconditions favorable to the mycotoxins. Therefore, when grains are intended for human consumption,grazing is not recommended, as it increases the possibility of aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone atlevels above the maximum tolerable levels permitted by law. These grains should be supplied to animalsonly after analysis of the mycotoxin levels present in the grains.(AU)
Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos dos pastejos nas características agronômicas, produtividade de grãose presença das micotoxinas: aflatoxinas, fumonisinas e zearalenona em grãos de aveia IPR 126, trigoBRS Tarumã e triticale IPR 111. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no período de 24/04/2012 a 21/03/2014(24º3156,1S; 54º0110.3O). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso em esquema defaixas, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos nas faixas A foram as três culturas e nas faixas B osmanejo:sem pastejo, um pastejo e dois pastejos. O manejo com apenas um pastejo reduziu a produtividadede grãos da aveia em 42,48% e do triticale em 28,09% e aumentou a produtividade do trigo em 24,89%.O manejo com dois pastejos reduziu a produtividade da aveia em 54,14%, do trigo em 40,96% e dotriticale em 54,69%. As culturas submetidas a dois pastejos devem ser diferidas para produção dematéria seca para cobertura do solo ou utilizar de forma parcial a planta no estágio de grãos pastosos ousemiduros para silagem, pois o pastejo prejudica as características agronômicas e produtividade. O trigoBRS Tarumã, quando utilizado em sistema de ILP deverá ser pastejado apenas uma vez com aumentode produtividade, enquanto a aveia IPR 126 e o triticale IPR 111 não devem ser pastejados em sistemasde integração lavoura pecuária para produção comercial de grãos. Grãos de aveia oriundos de plantasque foram submetidas a pastejo não devem ser adicionados em rações para aves na fase inicial e suínosna fase inicial e crescimento por possuírem maiores teores de aflatoxinas, fuminisinas e zearelenona.(AU)
Assuntos
Micotoxinas/classificação , Avena/microbiologia , Triticum/microbiologia , Triticale/microbiologia , Pastagens/análise , Aflatoxinas/análiseRESUMO
The aims of the present work were: (1) to determine both mycobiota in raw materials and finisher poultry feed, as well as the ability to produce aflatoxin B1 by A. flavus strains, and (2) to evaluate the natural co-occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs), fumonisins (FBs), gliotoxin, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), HT-2 toxin, and T-2 toxin in poultry feed by LC-MS/MS. Nineteen percent of raw materials and 79% of finisher poultry feed samples exceeded the maximum allowed total fungal count (1 × 10(4) CFU g(-1)) to ensure hygienic quality. Aspergillus flavus was the only species belonging to section Flavi which was isolated while Fusarium verticilliodes was the prevalent species. Forty-seven percent of A. flavus strains were aflatoxin B1 producers and the highest frequency of aflatoxigenic strains was isolated from finisher poultry feeds. Principal component analysis showed that corn grains are closely related with total fungal and Fusarium counts. This positive relationship suggests that total fungal and Fusarium spp. counts in poultry feed might come mainly from corn grains. Regarding poultry feeds, in ground finisher type, Aspergillus spp. counts increased as water activity (aw) diminished. A positive relationship among aw, total fungal and Fusarium spp. counts was observed in both ground finisher and ground starter feed. Several mycotoxins were monitored in feeds by applying the LC MS/MS technique. One hundred percent of poultry samples were contaminated with FB1, and the highest levels were detected in pelleted finisher poultry. AFB1, gliotoxin, DAS, HT-2 toxin, and T-2 toxin were not detected in any poultry feed. The scarcity of available mycotoxicological studies from Argentinean poultry feed using a multitoxin analysis technique enhances the contribution of the findings of this report.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Aspergillus flavus/isolamento & purificação , Fusarium/isolamento & purificação , Micotoxinas/análise , Aves Domésticas , Aflatoxinas/análise , Ração Animal/análise , Ração Animal/microbiologia , Animais , Argentina , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Fumonisinas/análise , Fusarium/classificação , Micotoxinas/classificação , Toxina T-2/análogos & derivados , Toxina T-2/análise , Tricotecenos/análise , Zea mays/microbiologiaRESUMO
Mycotoxins have become a worldwide problem due to their high incidence and levels of occurrence in human food and animal feed. The conditions for colonising substrates by mycotoxigenic fungus and later contamination by mycotoxins play an important role in surveillance and control strategies. The main mycotoxigenic funguses are the Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp. and Fusarium spp genera, the main mycotoxins of interest for human health being aflatoxins, trichothecenes, ochratoxin A, fumonisins and zearalenone. These mycotoxins' toxic action mechanisms constitute a risk for both human and animal health, causing diseases in both populations. The situation in Colombia is complex due to the lack of research having been carried out; the few studies made to date have demonstrated the high levels of contamination of food and feed in the country. This paper discusses mycotoxins' potential risk to public health, the difficulties involved in diagnosis and legislation and suggests policy implications for food safety.
Assuntos
Contaminação de Alimentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Micotoxinas , Saúde Pública , Ração Animal , Animais , Colômbia , Grão Comestível/química , Contaminação de Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Carne/análise , Micotoxinas/efeitos adversos , Micotoxinas/análise , Micotoxinas/classificaçãoRESUMO
Las micotoxinas constituyen un problema en el ámbito mundial por su alta incidencia y niveles de ocurrencia en los alimentos para humanos y animales. Las condiciones de colonización de los sustratos por hongos micotoxigénicos así como su posterior contaminación con micotoxinas juegan un papel fundamental en las estrategias de vigilancia y control. Entre los principales hongos micotoxigénicos se encuentran los géneros Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp. y Fusarium spp. Dentro de las familias más importantes de micotoxinas se encuentran: las aflatoxinas, los tricoticenos, la ocratoxina A, las fumonisinas y la zearalenona. Los diferentes mecanismos de acción tóxica de estas micotoxinas constituyen un riesgo para la salud humana y animal constituyéndose en una problemática de salud pública. En Colombia la situación es compleja dada la deficiente investigación al respecto, los estudios realizados en el país han demostrado que la contaminación de alimentos por algunas micotoxinas es significativa y que se deben formular políticas sanitarias para afrontar este limitante. Se discute el riesgo potencial de las micotoxinas para la salud pública, las dificultades en el diagnóstico y la legislación así como las implicaciones en la seguridad e inocuidad alimentaria.
Assuntos
Animais , Humanos , Contaminação de Alimentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Micotoxinas , Saúde Pública , Ração Animal , Grão Comestível/química , Colômbia , Contaminação de Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Carne/análise , Micotoxinas/efeitos adversos , Micotoxinas/análise , Micotoxinas/classificaçãoRESUMO
Las micotoxinas son metabólitos fúngicos que se encuentran en una variedad de sustratos incluyendo piensos y alimentos. Ellos causan problemas en la salud humana y animal especialmente, causan pérdidas económicas significativas. La toxicidad de las micotoxinas en los animales varía desde muerte aguda a enfermedades crónicas e interferencia con la eficiencia reproductiva. Las aflatoxinas causan daño del hígado, cáncer, disminución de la producción de leche, huevos e inmunosupresión. Las aflotoxinas son de gran importancia en las micotoxicosis en humanos ya que son potencialmente carcinogénicas. Los principales estudios epidemiológicos relacionados con las afloxinas han sido llevados a cabo en Asia y africa, y algunos han mostrado una asociación positiva entre niveles de aflatoxinas en los alimentos y presencia de enfermedades. Las pérdidas económicas debido a las micotoxinas y en especial a aflatoxinas son multifacéticas e involucra al cultivo directamente y animales domésticos. La incidencia de las micotoxinas varía entre sustratos, condiciones climáticas y regiones. Por estas razones, la importancia económica de las micotoxinas es difícil de cuantificar
Assuntos
Fungos , Saúde , Micotoxinas/administração & dosagem , Micotoxinas/classificação , Toxicologia/classificaçãoRESUMO
This is an overview of the most important toxicogenic species of molds that contaminate human food and animal feed. Effects of fungal secondary metabolites are described. Attention is focused on toxicogenic species of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. Species of other genera reported as toxicogenic are also considered.
Assuntos
Contaminação de Alimentos , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Micotoxinas/isolamento & purificação , Aflatoxinas/efeitos adversos , Aflatoxinas/biossíntese , Aflatoxinas/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Animais/induzido quimicamente , Ração Animal/microbiologia , Animais , Aspergillus/classificação , Aspergillus/isolamento & purificação , Aspergillus/metabolismo , Carcinógenos/isolamento & purificação , Carcinógenos/metabolismo , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/etiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/veterinária , Fungos/classificação , Fungos/metabolismo , Fusarium/classificação , Fusarium/isolamento & purificação , Fusarium/metabolismo , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Micotoxinas/efeitos adversos , Micotoxinas/biossíntese , Micotoxinas/química , Micotoxinas/classificação , Penicillium/classificação , Penicillium/isolamento & purificação , Penicillium/metabolismo , Segurança , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
The authors studied the killer effect of nine standard strains of yeasts on 146 samples of Candida albicans isolated from the following clinical specimens: oral mucosa, feces, bronchial wash, sputum, vaginal secretion, urine, skin lesion, nail lesion and blood. Using this system it was possible to differentiate 23 biotypes of Candida albicans. The biotypes 211, 111 and 811 were most frequently isolated. Most of the samples of C. albicans (98.6 per cent) were sensitive to at least one or more of the nine killer strains. Using the killer system it was possible to show that two patients harbored the same killer biotypes, 111 and 211, respectively, in different clinical specimens and another patient harbored the same biotype (211) in bloodcultures effected in different ocasions. The utilization of the killer system to differentiate types among species of pathogenic yeasts can be a useful method to establish the eventual source of infection, and it is a valuable tool to control and watch for nosocomial infections caused by yeasts.
Assuntos
Humanos , Candida albicans/classificação , Candida albicans/isolamento & purificação , Micotoxinas/classificação , Proteínas Fúngicas/classificação , Técnicas de Tipagem MicológicaRESUMO
The authors studied the killer effect of nine standard strains of yeasts on 146 samples of Candida albicans isolated from the following clinical specimens: oral mucosa, feces, bronchial wash, sputum, vaginal secretion, urine, skin lesion, nail lesion and blood. Using this system it was possible to differentiate 23 biotypes of Candida albicans. The biotypes 211, 111 and 811 were most frequently isolated. Most of the samples of C. albicans (98.6%) were sensitive to at least one or more of the nine killer strains. Using the killer system it was possible to show that two patients harbored the same killer biotypes, 111 and 211, respectively, in different clinical specimens and another patient harbored the same biotype (211) in bloodcultures effected in different ocasions. The utilization of the killer system to differentiate types among species of pathogenic yeasts can be a useful method to establish the eventual source of infection, and it is a valuable tool to control and watch for nosocomial infections caused by yeasts.