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BACKGROUND: The Brazilian federal government issued Ministerial Ordinance No. 718 in 2010 to expand the funding of orthodontic treatment provided by Brazilian municipalities via the Unified Health System (SUS in Portuguese). AIM: To identify social and structural factors associated with Brazilian municipalities that provide fixed orthodontic appliance therapy and interceptive orthodontic therapy. METHODS: Official Brazilian government databases were used for data collection. Poisson regression with robust variance was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Municipalities hosting Dental Specialty Centers (DSCs) with greater installed capacity (type III DSC with 7 dental chairs or over), which employed dentists specializing in pediatric dentistry and orthodontics, were more likely to offer orthodontic services via SUS. CONCLUSIONS: Federal, state, and municipal managers need to review the funding of orthodontic services via SUS, which can be used for creating DSCs and hiring professionals with expertise in orthodontics.

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PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate parents' perceptions of the oral health status of children enrolled in public preschools and associated factors. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with data collected via self-administered questionnaire. A total of 474 questionnaires were distributed in public preschools in the city of Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of Brazil. Poisson regression models were used in the multivariate analysis (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The study included 171 (36%) valid questionnaires. The prevalence of parents who perceived the oral health status of their children as negative was 29.8% (n = 51). Mother being unemployed (vs employed) increased by 16% the likelihood of parents perceiving the oral health status of their children as negative (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.31. Parents having (vs having not) observed difficulties in the child's ability to eat increased by 27% the likelihood of perceiving the child's oral health status as negative (PR 1.27; 95% CI 1.08-1.48), while child's tooth brushing 1-2 (vs 3 or more) times a day and family income up to 2 (vs 3 or more) minimum wages increased it by 14% (PR 1.14; 95% CI 1.03-1.27 for both). Current or past use (vs no use) of pacifiers increased by 12% the likelihood of parents' negative perceptions (PR 1.12; 95% CI 1.00-1.25). CONCLUSION: We can conclude that unemployed mothers, low-income families, parents having observed child's feeding difficulties, child's tooth brushing 1-2 times a day, and current or past use of pacifiers contributed significantly to parents' negative perception of the child's oral health status. These factors are essential for the planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of actions aimed at controlling the oral health of children enrolled in public preschools.

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PURPOSE: Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) is the most frequent orthopedic procedure in cleft subjects. However, little is known about its effects on the mandible. The aim of this study was to investigate the spontaneous response of the mandibular teeth following RME. METHODS: This prospective cohort study was carried out with a sample of thirty participants with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), 8-15 years old, who had transverse maxillary deficiency. Two participants were excluded. They were allocated into three groups: G1 (n = 10), G2 (n = 10), and G3 (n = 8). G1 was treated with a Fan-type expander; G2 with an iMini expander; and G3 with a Hyrax expander. Measurements were performed in Cone Beam CT scans obtained before treatment (T1) and 3 months post-expansion (T2). The primary outcomes were buccolingual inclination of mandibular first molars and canines, and intercanine and intermolar width at different levels. RESULTS: Dental changes were significant (P < 0.05) for intercanine width, increasing in G1 and G2, and for intermolar width, increasing in G2 and G3. There were no significant differences among groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: RME in UCLP subjects performed with these expanders may lead to significant spontaneous changes in both anterior and posterior region of the mandible.

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OBJECTIVES: Three-dimensional evaluation of skeletal mandibular changes following Herbst appliance treatment. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION: Retrospective case-control study, based on a sample size calculation. Twenty-five pubertal patients treated with Herbst appliance (HAG), and 25 matched Class II patients who received other non-orthopaedic dental treatments (CG). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three-dimensional models were generated from pre-treatment (T0) and post-treatment (T1) cone beam computed tomograms. Volumetric registration on the cranial base was used to assess mandibular displacement; volumetric regional registration was performed to evaluate mandibular growth. Quantitative measurements of X, Y, Z and 3D Euclidian changes, and also qualitative visualization by colour-mapping and semi-transparent overlays were obtained. RESULTS: Downward displacement of the mandible was observed in both HAG and CG (2.4 mm and 1.5 mm, respectively). Significant forward displacement of the mandible was observed in the HAG (1.7 mm). HAG showed greater 3D superior and posterior condylar growth than the CG (3.5 mm and 2.0 mm, respectively). Greater posterior growth of the ramus was noted in the HAG than in CG. CONCLUSIONS: Immediately after Herbst therapy, a significant mandibular forward displacement was achieved, due to increased bone remodelling of the condyles and rami compared to a comparison group. Three-dimensional changes in the direction and magnitude of condylar growth were observed in Herbst patients.

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AIM: To draw attention and increase professional awareness about the potentially serious complications that may occur when these misfortunes happen and to what actions could be implemented to avoid such accidents. METHODS: The present case report is of an accidental ingestion of a rapid maxillary expander (RPE) activation key in a cardiac patient and the subsequent diagnostic confirmation with radiographs and the management of this accident thereafter. RESULTS: On the third day after the accidental ingestion of the RPE key, the patient's parents reported that the key was expelled in the stools without further complication. CONCLUSIONS: Ingestion of foreign bodies is a potential complication during orthodontic treatment. These types of accidents may cause serious consequences to the patient, especially if there is a pre-existing systemic condition, such as heart disease or respiratory problems.

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This study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the effects of mineral oil application on eggshells and the use of plastic packages with lids on the physical-chemical and microbiological quality and biogenic amine contents of eggs stored under refrigeration for up to 125 d. A total of 1,920 eggs from 46-wk-old Hyline W36 laying hens were randomly distributed into 4 groups soon after classification: (i) 480 eggs were stored in pulp carton tray packages; (ii) 480 eggs were stored in plastic packages with lids; (iii) 480 eggs were stored in carton packages after the application of mineral oil; and (iv) 480 eggs were stored in plastic packages with lids after the application of mineral oil. The internal quality was measured by Haugh units, by the counts of mesophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms, by the most probable number of total and thermal-tolerant coliforms, by the counts of molds and yeasts, by the analysis of Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus spp., and by the levels of biogenic amines in the egg yolk and albumen. The application of mineral oil to the eggshell resulted in higher Haugh unit values throughout storage, and the use of plastic packages altered the internal quality. The application of mineral oil and the use of packaging had no effects on the microbiological and biogenic amine results. Microbiological analyses showed the absence of Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, thermal-tolerant coliforms, and fungi. However, the highest counts of mesophilic (1.1 × 10(7) cfu/g) and psychrotrophic (6.7 × 10(7) cfu/g) microorganisms were recorded. The highest values of biogenic amines detected and quantified were putrescine (2.38 mg/kg) and cadaverine (7.27 mg/kg) in the egg yolk and putrescine (1.95 mg/kg), cadaverine (2.83 mg/kg), and phenylethylamine (2.57 mg/kg) in the albumen. Despite these results, the biogenic amine levels recorded were considered low and would not be harmful to consumer health.

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Industrial and urban residues are discharged every day to the rivers and may arrive at the mangrove forest and prejudice the quality of the environment and the organisms present there. The mangrove forest patch studied is encircled by an urban area of the city of Recife (Brazil) that has approximate 1.5 million inhabitants and is one of the most industrialized centers in Northeast Brazil. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of the sediments of this mangrove patch in terms of metal contamination and ecotoxicology. Samples of surface sediment were collected in six stations for toxicological tests and trace metal determination (Cr, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, Pb, Co and Ni), in July and August, 2006 (rainy season); and in January and February 2007 (dry season). Toxicity tests with solid-phase sediments were carried out with the copepod Tisbe biminiensis in order to observe lethal and sub-lethal endpoints and correlate them with chemical data. In June, there were no observed lethal effect, but two stations presented sub-lethal effects. In January, lethal effect occurred in three stations and sub-lethal in one station. The levels for Zn and Cr were at higher levels than international proposed guidelines (NOAA). There was a negative significant correlation between the copepods׳ fecundity, and Zn and Cr concentrations. Therefore, the studied sediments can be considered to have potential toxic to benthos due to the high content of Zn and Cr.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the levels of bioactive amines and the microbiological quality of liquid pasteurized egg stored under refrigeration. Pasteurized whole egg liquid was obtained from 2 types of different raw materials, fresh eggs, and commercial fertile eggs. They were stored under refrigeration over a period of 21 d. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized split plot, with the plots being the 2 types of liquid pasteurized egg, and the subplots being the 4 storage periods (1, 7, 14, and 21 d). The storage period did not contribute to the increase (P > 0.05) of contamination by mesophilic aerobic microorganisms and total coliforms in commercial liquid pasteurized egg. However, for fertile eggs, the storage period led to an increase (P < 0.05) in the numbers of microorganisms. Levels of the amines putrescine, cadaverine, and tyramine were detected only in fertile liquid pasteurized egg, and the storage period contributed to the increase (P < 0.05) in the levels of these amines. There was a high correlation between total coliform most probable number and cadaverine levels, and a moderate correlation between the numbers of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms and tyramine levels. It was concluded that the most contaminated liquid pasteurized eggs were the fertile liquid pasteurized eggs and this caused the highest levels of bioactive amines in them compared with all the eggs that had been subjected to pasteurization and refrigerated storage.

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Avaliaram-se o pH e a qualidade microbiológica de ovos integrais pasteurizados refrigerados obtidos de dois tipos de matéria-prima: o ovo in natura (comercial ) e o ovo galado (ovo fértil). Os tratamentos foram dispostos no delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, sendo na parcela dois tipos de ovos integrais pasteurizados, o comercial e o galado, e na subparcela quatro períodos de estocagem sob temperatura de refrigeração, um, sete, 14 e 21 dias. Não foi observada a presença de Salmonella spp. em nenhuma amostra analisada, e para os ovos comerciais, o período de estocagem não contribuiu para o aumento (P>0,05) da contaminação por mesófilos aeróbios, coliformes a 35ºC, Staphylococcus spp. e bolores e leveduras. Para as amostras de ovos galados, o período de armazenamento influenciou no aumento (P<0,05) da contagem de mesófilos aeróbios, coliformes a 35ºC, bolores e leveduras, e Staphylococcus spp. Os valores de pH aumentaram durante os primeiros dias do armazenamento e depois voltaram a diminuir. Concluiu-se que os ovos integrais galados pasteurizados apresentam pior qualidade em relação aos ovos integrais comerciais pasteurizados, e que o período de validade sob refrigeração desses tipos de ovos poderia ser de sete e 14 dias, respectivamente.

The pH and microbiological quality of refrigerated pasteurized whole eggs at 4ºC obtained from two types of raw materials, in nature (commercial) egg and the fertile egg were evaluated. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized split plot design, the two types of pasteurized whole eggs (commercial and fertile) were alloted to the plots and four periods of storage under refrigeration (one, seven, 14 and 21 days) to the split plot. The presence of Salmonella spp. was not observed in the samples and the commercial pasteurized whole egg storage period did not contribute to the increase (P>0.05) in mesophilic aerobic coliforms at 35ºC, Staphylococcus spp and mold and yeast contamination. For samples of fertile pasteurized whole eggs, the storage period influenced the increased (P<0.05) count of mesophilic aerobic, coliforms at 35ºC, mold and yeast and Staphylococcus spp. The pH values rose during the first days of storage and then decreased again. It was concluded that fertile pasteurized whole eggs have lower quality than the commercial pasteurized whole eggs, and that the shelf life of these could be seven and 14 days, respectively.

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Avaliaram-se o pH e a qualidade microbiológica de ovos integrais pasteurizados refrigerados obtidos de dois tipos de matéria-prima: o ovo in natura (comercial ) e o ovo galado (ovo fértil). Os tratamentos foram dispostos no delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, sendo na parcela dois tipos de ovos integrais pasteurizados, o comercial e o galado, e na subparcela quatro períodos de estocagem sob temperatura de refrigeração, um, sete, 14 e 21 dias. Não foi observada a presença de Salmonella spp. em nenhuma amostra analisada, e para os ovos comerciais, o período de estocagem não contribuiu para o aumento (P>0,05) da contaminação por mesófilos aeróbios, coliformes a 35ºC, Staphylococcus spp. e bolores e leveduras. Para as amostras de ovos galados, o período de armazenamento influenciou no aumento (P<0,05) da contagem de mesófilos aeróbios, coliformes a 35ºC, bolores e leveduras, e Staphylococcus spp. Os valores de pH aumentaram durante os primeiros dias do armazenamento e depois voltaram a diminuir. Concluiu-se que os ovos integrais galados pasteurizados apresentam pior qualidade em relação aos ovos integrais comerciais pasteurizados, e que o período de validade sob refrigeração desses tipos de ovos poderia ser de sete e 14 dias, respectivamente.(AU)

The pH and microbiological quality of refrigerated pasteurized whole eggs at 4ºC obtained from two types of raw materials, in nature (commercial) egg and the fertile egg were evaluated. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized split plot design, the two types of pasteurized whole eggs (commercial and fertile) were alloted to the plots and four periods of storage under refrigeration (one, seven, 14 and 21 days) to the split plot. The presence of Salmonella spp. was not observed in the samples and the commercial pasteurized whole egg storage period did not contribute to the increase (P>0.05) in mesophilic aerobic coliforms at 35ºC, Staphylococcus spp and mold and yeast contamination. For samples of fertile pasteurized whole eggs, the storage period influenced the increased (P<0.05) count of mesophilic aerobic, coliforms at 35ºC, mold and yeast and Staphylococcus spp. The pH values rose during the first days of storage and then decreased again. It was concluded that fertile pasteurized whole eggs have lower quality than the commercial pasteurized whole eggs, and that the shelf life of these could be seven and 14 days, respectively.(AU)

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