RESUMO
The bioaccumulation of arsenic (As) in the muscle, liver, kidneys, and brain of the shark Sphyrna lewini was measured in 40 juvenile specimens from southeast Gulf of California. Additionally, the biomagnification factor was calculated through prey items from stomach contents of the analyzed specimens. The concentrations of As (mg kg-1, wet weight) were higher in the muscle (10.1 ± 0.3) and liver (9.4 ± 0.5) than in the brain (4.5 ± 0.3) and kidneys (4.2 ± 0.2), which may be attributed to the biological functions of each tissue. Positive correlations were found between the levels of As in muscle and liver with the biological parameters of S. lewini. Hammerhead sharks feed mainly of teleost fishes with low As values (Clupeidae fishes, 1.1 ± 0.5; Sciaenidae fishes, 1.0 ± 0.6; Scomber japonicus, 1.2 ± 0.6; and Etropus crossotus 2.1 ± 0.4) compared with the predator, indicating biomagnification. Inorganic arsenic (Asi) in muscle was estimated as 3% of the total As, although muscle consumption is unlikely to represent a risk (HQ < 1) in humans. Moreover, the probabilities of developing cancer were estimated as low (3.99 × 10-5 to 3.32 × 10-6). To avoid health risks related to As, a weekly ration must not exceed 69.3 and 484.8 g in children and adults, respectively.
Assuntos
Arsênio , Tubarões , Animais , California , Criança , Peixes , Humanos , Alimentos MarinhosRESUMO
Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic (As) is associated with numerous adverse effects. Argentina is one of the countries affected by arsenicism; however, there are few studies that evaluate inorganic As exposure and its effects on child population. The aim of this study is to evaluate exposure to As through water and food in child populations living in the provinces of Santiago del Estero and Chaco (nâ¯=â¯101), and to determine the impact of this exposure analysing biomarkers of exposure (urine and hair As contents) and effect [8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)]. The populations selected live in three areas with different levels of As in the drinking water (Santa Teresa de Carballo, 0.925â¯mg/L; Taco Pozo, 0.210â¯mg/L; Jumi Pozo, 0.016â¯mg/L). The As intakes through water and food are especially high in the areas with the greatest As exposure (Santa Teresa de Carballo, 1575⯱â¯8⯵g/day; Taco Pozo, 386⯱â¯8⯵g/day; Jumi Pozo, 39⯱â¯1⯵g/day). The total As contents in most of the samples of hair (0.11-13.11â¯mg/kg) and urine (31-4258⯵g/g creatinine) are higher than the reference values (hair: 1â¯mg/kg; urine: 50⯵g/g creatinine). The increase in the level of As exposure alters the profile of metabolites in urine, with a decrease of dimethylarsinic acid (10%) and an increase in the percentages of monomethylarsonic acid (4%) and inorganic As (6%). The results also show high values of 8-OHdG (3.7-37.8⯵g/g creatinine), a oxidative DNA damage marker, in the two areas with greater As exposure.
Assuntos
Arsênio/metabolismo , Arsenicais/metabolismo , Desoxiguanosina/análogos & derivados , Exposição Ambiental , Poluentes Ambientais/metabolismo , Cabelo/química , 8-Hidroxi-2'-Desoxiguanosina , Argentina , Pré-Escolar , Desoxiguanosina/metabolismo , Dieta , Água Potável , Monitoramento Ambiental , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , EstudantesRESUMO
Fluoride is an important element for humans. It inhibits initiation and progression of dental caries and stimulates bone formation. However, excessive intake may lead to the appearance of dental and/or skeletal fluorosis and a decrease in intellectual coefficient in child populations. This study evaluates exposure to fluoride in the child population of Chaco province (Argentina) by analysis of drinking water, food and its bioaccessible fraction (quantity of fluoride solubilised by gastrointestinal digestion and available for intestinal absorption) and urine as a biomarker of internal dose. The concentration of fluoride in drinking water varied between 0.050 and 4.6 mg L-1, and 80% of the samples exceeded the WHO drinking-water guideline value (1.5 mg L-1). Fluoride concentrations in food ranged between 0.80 and 3.0 mg kg-1 fresh weight (fw), being lower in bioaccessible fraction (0.43-1.9 mg kg-1, fw). On the basis of the consumption data declared for the young child population, fluoride intake varies between 4.1 and 6.5 mg day-1, greater than the level recommended for this age group. Moreover, in some cases, concentrations of fluoride found in urine (0.62-8.9 mg L-1) exceeded those reported in areas with declared fluorosis. All data obtained show the worrying situation of child population in this area of Argentina.
Assuntos
Água Potável/análise , Exposição Ambiental , Fluoretos/urina , Análise de Alimentos , Água Subterrânea/análise , Adolescente , Argentina , Disponibilidade Biológica , Biomarcadores/urina , Criança , Fluoretos/análise , Humanos , População RuralRESUMO
The aim of this study was to estimate both the contribution of drinking water and food (raw and cooked) to the total (t-As) and inorganic (i-As) arsenic intake and the exposure of inhabitants of Socaire, a rural village in Chile´s Antofagasta Region, by using urine as biomarker. The i-As intake from food and water was estimated using samples collected between November 2008 and September 2009. A 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire was given to 20 participants. Drinking water, food (raw and cooked) and urine samples were collected directly from the homes where the interviewees lived. The percentage of i-As/t-As in the drinking water that contributed to the total intake was variable (26.8-92.9). Cereals and vegetables are the food groups that contain higher concentrations of i-As. All of the participants interviewed exceeded the reference intake FAO/OMS (149.8 µgâi-As·day⻹) by approximately nine times. The concentration of t-As in urine in each individual ranged from 78 to 459 ng·mL⻹. Estimated As intake from drinking water and food was not associated with total urinary As concentration. The results show that both drinking water and food substantially contribute to i-As intake and an increased exposure risk to adult residents in contaminated areas.
Assuntos
Arsênio/urina , Água Potável/análise , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Análise de Alimentos , Adulto , Idoso , Biomarcadores , Chile , Culinária , Grão Comestível/química , Monitoramento Ambiental , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Rememoração Mental , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise de Regressão , População Rural , Inquéritos e Questionários , Verduras/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Abastecimento de ÁguaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the intake of selenium, total and inorganic arsenic and the bioaccessibility of arsenic in diets of Mexican schoolchildren using an in vitro method. RESULTS: Total and inorganic arsenic concentrations in the diets ranged from 0.05 to 1.15 mg kg(-1) dry weight (DW) and from 0.023 to 0.088 mg kg(-1) DW respectively, while selenium levels were between 0.08 and 0.20 mg kg(-1) DW. Daily intake of total and inorganic arsenic ranged from 0.15 to 10.49 µg day(-1) kg(-1) body weight (BW) and from 0.06 to 1.11 µg day(-1) kg(-1) BW respectively, while that of selenium varied from 0.29 to 2.63 µg day(-1) kg(-1) BW. Bioaccessibility of total and inorganic arsenic ranged from 4 to 97% (mean 44 ± 21.5%) and from 33 to 97% (mean 71 ± 22.5%) respectively. CONCLUSION: Inorganic arsenic levels in the diets were low. Therefore there appears to be a low risk of adverse effects resulting from excess inorganic arsenic intake from these diets.
Assuntos
Arsênio/administração & dosagem , Dieta , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Selênio/administração & dosagem , Arsênio/metabolismo , Disponibilidade Biológica , Criança , Ingestão de Energia , Humanos , México , Medição de Risco , Selênio/metabolismoRESUMO
Chile is one of the major producers of phytocolloids extracted from seaweed. Multicellular algae are considered to be primary accumulators of arsenic. We analyzed 14 species of algae belonging to the groups Rhodophyceae (10), Phaeophyceae (3) and Chlorophyceae (1) from different coastal zones of Chile in 2003-2004. Dry ashing mineralization (for total As) and acid digestion (for inorganic As) together with quantification by flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (FI-HG-AAS) were employed. In general, total arsenic concentrations varied between 3.0 and 68 mg kg(-1), whereas inorganic arsenic concentrations ranged between 0.15 and 1.06 mg kg(-1). The algal species Durvillaea antarctica and Porphyra columbina, used for direct human consumption, did not have inorganic arsenic levels that represent a health risk to consumers. Among species used for phytocolloids production, such as Macrocystis piryfera, Gracilaria chilensis and Gigartina skottsbergii, observed levels of inorganic arsenic were greater than 1 mg kg(-1), the limit value established by the regulations of some countries. Among the 14 species of algae tested, inorganic arsenic levels were between 0.8% and 13% of the total arsenic concentrations; that is, arsenic present in these algae was found primarily as organic arsenic.
Assuntos
Arsênio/análise , Alga Marinha/química , Arsênio/metabolismo , Chile , Exposição Ambiental , Humanos , Alga Marinha/metabolismo , Espectrofotometria AtômicaRESUMO
The Antarctic region offers unparalleled possibilities of investigating the natural distribution of metals and metalloids, such as arsenic. Total and inorganic As were analysed in nine species of Antarctic macroalgae collected during the 2002 summer season in the Potter Cove area at Jubany-Dallmann Station (South Shetland Islands, Argentinian Base). Total As was determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry after microwave-assisted acid digestion. Inorganic As was determined by acid digestion, solvent extraction, flow injection-hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry. Total As ranged from 5.8 microg g(-1) dry weight (dw) (Myriogramme sp.) to 152 microg g(-1)dw (Himantothallus grandifolius). Total As concentrations were higher in Phaeophytes (mean+/-SD: 71+/-44 microg g(-1)dw) than in Rhodophytes (mean+/-SD: 15+/-11 microg g(-1)dw). Inorganic As ranged from 0.12 microg g(-1) (Myriogramme sp.) to 0.84 microg g(-1)dw (Phaeurus antarcticus). The percentage of inorganic As with respect to total As was 0.7 for Phaeophytes, but almost 4 times higher for Rhodophytes (2.6). The work discusses possible causes for the presence of As in marine organisms in that pristine environment.
Assuntos
Arsênio/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Eucariotos/química , Regiões Antárticas , Ecossistema , Água Doce/química , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Oceanos e Mares , Solo/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/químicaRESUMO
Dietary intake of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) by the population of Santiago (Chile) was determined using a Total Diet Study in the market basket modality. After conducting a survey of the foods consumed in the last 24 h, the most consumed food products were included in the basket. Subsequently, they were cooked or prepared according to typical Chilean procedures and grouped into 17 food categories according to their chemical characteristics. The fish and shellfish group had the highest contents of As (1351 ng/g wet weight, ww), Cd (277 ng/g ww), and Hg (48 ng/g ww), while the sugar group had the highest content of Pb (251 ng/g ww). For a person with a body weight of 68 kg, the dietary intakes of As (77 microg/day), Cd (20 microg/day), Hg (5 microg/day), and Pb (206 microg/day) are lower than the provisional tolerable weekly intake values established by the FAO/WHO. Consequently, the total intakes of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb in Santiago (Chile) are within the limits estimated as safe.
Assuntos
Arsênio/análise , Cádmio/análise , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Chumbo/análise , Mercúrio/análise , Chile/epidemiologia , Análise de Alimentos , Indicadores e Reagentes , Carne/análise , Controle de Qualidade , Alimentos Marinhos/análise , Espectrofotometria Atômica , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Total and inorganic As contents of cooked vegetables obtained from an arsenic endemic area of Chile were analyzed. Inorganic As intake from those foods, bread, and water was estimated. The study was performed in two different periods, in which the water used by the population for drinking and cooking purposes contained 0.572 (first period) or 0.041 microg mL(-)(1) (second period). In the first period, the FAO/WHO reference intake was exceeded by all of the persons interviewed. In the second period, the reference intake was exceeded by all of the persons interviewed ages 13-15. The foods studied contributed 4% (first period) or 25% (second period) of the inorganic As intake. The results show the contribution of food to inorganic As intake and the risk to which those ages 15 or younger are exposed.
Assuntos
Arsênio/administração & dosagem , Pão/análise , Dieta , População Rural , Verduras/química , Água/análise , Arsênio/análise , Chile , Temperatura Alta , HumanosRESUMO
High levels of arsenic are found in the soil and water of the Second Region in Chile as a result of natural causes. Total and inorganic arsenic contents were analyzed in the edible part of 16 agricultural products (roots, stems, leaves, inflorescences, and fruits) grown in this area. The total arsenic contents varied in the range 0.008-0.604 microg g(-1) of wet weight (ww), below the maximum level allowed by Chilean legislation (1 microg(-1) of ww). Inorganic arsenic contents (range = 0.008-0.613 microg(-1) of ww) represented between 28 and 114% of total arsenic. The concentrations of total and inorganic arsenic found in edible roots and leaves were higher than those found in fruit. The highest concentrations were found in a sample of spinach. High quantities of this vegetable would have to be consumed (250 g/day) to reach the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake for inorganic arsenic. The vegetable group may make a considerable contribution to the total intake of inorganic arsenic.