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Plant-based milk has gained considerable attention; however, its high nutritional variation highlights the need for improved formulation designs to enhance its quality. This study aimed to nutritionally compare cow milk with plant-based milk produced from hazelnuts (H), Brazil nuts (BN), cashew nuts (CN), soybeans (S), and sunflower seeds (SS), and to perform physicochemical and technological characterization. The plant-based milk produced with isolated grains showed a nutritional composition inferior to that of cow milk in almost all evaluated parameters, protein content (up to 1.1 g 100 g-1), lipids (up to 2.7 g 100 g-1), color parameters, minerals, and especially calcium (up to 62.4 mg L-1), which were originally high in cow milk (up to 1030 mg L-1). However, the plant-based milk designed using a blend composition was able to promote nutritional enhancement in terms of minerals, especially iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg), high-quality lipids (up to 3.6 g 100 g-1), and carbohydrates (3.4 g 100 g-1 using CN, BN, and S). The protein content was 1.3% compared to 5.7 in cow milk, and the caloric value of plant-based milk remained 32.8 at 52.1 kcal, similar to cow milk. Satisfactory aspects were observed regarding the shelf life, especially related to microbiological stability during the 11 d of storage at 4 °C. For the designed plant-based milk to be equivalent to cow milk, further exploration for optimizing the blends used to achieve better combinations is required. Furthermore, analyzing possible fortification and preservation methods to increase shelf life and meet the nutritional and sensory needs of the public would be interesting.

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Lactose-free milk is rising in popularity among consumers due to its claim to be a better digestible product compared to regular fluid milk. For that reason, concentrating on this food is a good alternative for increasing its versatility and usability in different dairy industry segments. Block freeze concentration (BFC) is a simple technology used to concentrate liquid foods through ice crystal formation and subsequent removal of water. Thus, this work aimed to test two variants of the BFC technique on lactose-free milk concentration. In the first approach, it was investigated the centrifugation-assisted BFC of skim lactose-free milk by applying a factorial experimental design. Temperature, time, and rotation speed were the factors, and the response variables included the concentrate yield, concentration index, and efficiency of the process. Concentrate yield and concentration index were mainly affected by the centrifugation temperature. On the other hand, individual factors did not have a significant effect on the efficiency, only their interactions. In the case of centrifugation-assisted BFC in a single step, the condition at 40°C, 70 min, and 4500 rpm was considered the best, given the highest values of efficiency and concentrate yield (80.87 and 67.02, respectively), and still an excellent value for concentration index (2.05). Conversely, the condition at 30°C, 45 min, and 3500 rpm was chosen to integrate a freeze concentration process in two stage. Then, the ice obtained from the first cycle was subjected to the vacuum-assisted BFC, which consisted in the second cycle. The concentrate obtained from the vacuum-assisted BFC presented contents of total solids, carbohydrates, and protein 2.95, 3.00, and 2.91 times more than the initial lactose-free milk, respectively. Therefore, we believe that the concentrates obtained can be used for the development of innovative lactose-free dairy products. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Using concentration processes in the dairy industry can significantly contribute to enhancing the overall efficiency of milk processing since huge quantities of water from milk can be reduced, increasing the total solids content. In turn, dairy products that provide a high amount of solids (especially protein) are gaining in popularity among consumers, with consequent interest from researchers. In addition, milk concentration shows advantages in terms of processing, packaging, transportation, and handling. Since most changes occur in an aqueous environment, the removal of some parts of water results in the preservation of milk. It is noteworthy that dairy industries are concerned principally with food preservation, green technologies, and the production of high-quality products. Thus, concentration processes could favor the development of milk products rich in proteins to meet certain demands on functional and nutritional properties, for example in beverages and formulated food.

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ABSTRACTS Introduction: Milk and dairy products are nutritious and can play a significant role in a healthy diet. The safety of milk decreases with increasing concentration of arsenic. The Maximum Residue Limits of arsenic is 500 parts per billion (ppb). Objectives: To evaluate the status of arsenic contamination of milk and dairy products produced and processed in some provinces and cities of Vietnam. Methods: A total of 367 samples were tested. Samples were digested before analysis to remove organic compounds, and the total arsenic content determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results: The average concentrations of total arsenic in liquid milk were 139.32 ppb; in yogurt, 169.81 ppb; in cheese, 221.38 ppb; in milk cake, 232.80 ppb; and in milk powder, 35.43 ppb, respectively. Conclusion: The arsenic concentrations in some samples are higher than the maximum permitted levels according to national regulations.

RESUMEN Introducción: La leche y los productos lácteos son nutritivos y pueden desempeñar un papel importante en una dieta saludable. La seguridad de la leche disminuye con el aumento de la concentración de arsénico. Los límites máximos de residuos de arsénico son 500 ppb. Objetivos: Evaluar el estado de contaminación por arsénico de la leche y los productos lácteos producidos y procesados ​​en algunas provincias y ciudades de Vietnam. Métodos: Se analizaron un total de 367 muestras. Las muestras se digirieron antes del análisis, para eliminar los compuestos orgánicos y se determinó el contenido total de arsénico mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica. Resultados: Las concentraciones promedio de arsénico total en la leche líquida fueron 139,32 ppb; en el yogur, 169,81 ppb; en el queso, 221,38 ppb; en el pastel de leche, 232,80 ppb; y en la leche en polvo, 35,43 ppb, respectivamente. Conclusión: Las concentraciones de arsénico en algunas muestras superan los niveles máximos permitidos según la normativa nacional.

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Abstract Mastitis is the most common disease in dairy herds and the main cause of economic losses in milk production worldwide. This inflammatory reaction of the mammary gland affects the quantity, composition and quality of milk produced and its suitability for the dairy industry. Despite of its importance, Colombia has no regulations on somatic cell count (SCC); that is, no official upper limits have been established for the dairy industry. The current quality-based payment system for raw milk does not encourage local producers to reduce the level of somatic cells. Consequently, Colombia is at a disadvantage compared to countries that include this parameter in their payment schemes and subscribe to international free trade agreements, affecting the competitiveness of the Colombian dairy sector. This article reviews the types of somatic cells, the microbiology of mastitis, its etiology and diagnosis, the changes that generate the composition of milk, and the impact of high SCCs on the quality of dairy products, such as yogurt, cheese, and milk powder. The final section offers a reflection on the problem of high SCCs in Colombia and the lack of regulations in this regard.

Resumen La mastitis es la enfermedad más frecuente en los hatos lecheros y es la principal causa de pérdidas económicas en la producción de leche alrededor del mundo. Esta reacción inflamatoria de la glándula mamaria afecta la cantidad, composición, calidad y aptitud de la leche para procesamiento por la industria. Sin embargo, en Colombia no existe normatividad sobre el recuento de células somáticas, principal indicador de mastitis; es decir, no existen límites oficiales que sirvan de referencia para la industria lechera. El sistema de pago basado en calidad no incentiva al productor a disminuir el nivel de células somáticas. Esto coloca al país en desventaja frente a otros países que exigen este parámetro en su esquema de pago y con los cuales Colombia tiene tratados de libre comercio, afectando negativamente la competitividad del sector lechero colombiano. En este artículo se hace una revisión sobre los tipos de células somáticas, la microbiología de la mastitis, su etiología, el diagnóstico, los cambios que generan la composición de la leche y el impacto que tienen los altos recuentos de células somáticas sobre la calidad de algunos derivados lácteos como yogures, quesos y leche en polvo. En la parte final se presenta una reflexión sobre la problemática de los altos recuentos de células somáticas en Colombia y la falta de normatividad al respecto.

Resumo A mastite é a doença mais frequente nos rebanhos leiteiros e é a principal causa de perdas econômicas na produção de leite em todo o mundo. Essa reação inflamatória da glândula mamária causa efeitos na quantidade, composição, qualidade e aptidão de leite processado pela indústria. No entanto, na Colômbia, não há regulamentação sobre a contagem de células somáticas até o momento, o principal indicador de mastite, ou seja, não há limites oficiais que sejam referência para a indústria leiteira. O sistema de pagamento baseado na qualidade não incentiva o produtor a diminuir o nível de células somáticas. Isso coloca o país em desvantagem em comparação com outros países que exigem esse parâmetro em seu esquema de pagamento e com quem a Colômbia possui acordos de livre comércio, afetando negativamente a competitividade do setor. Este documento analisa os tipos de células somáticas, a microbiologia da mastite, sua etiologia, diagnóstico, alterações na composição do leite e o impacto da alta contagem de células somáticas na qualidade do leite. Alguns derivados de leite, como iogurtes, queijos e leite em pó. Na parte final, é feita uma reflexão sobre o problema da alta contagem de células somáticas na Colômbia e a falta de regulamentação nesse sentido.

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A dynamic system mimicking the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) conditions (fluids, pH, temperature, and residence time) was used to evaluate the behavior of Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 (BC) incorporated in yogurt and orange juice. BC counts were monitored in samples collected before the in vitro digestion, after initial contact with gastric fluids (30 min), static (1 h 15 min) and dynamic (2 h) stages in the gastric compartment, static (3 h) and dynamic (4 h) stages in the duodenal compartment, static (5 h) and dynamic (6 h) stages in the jejunal compartment, and after digestion. BC presented high survival in juice and yogurt over the digestion stages. The number of decimal reductions (γ) of BC caused by exposure to simulated GIT conditions was ≥0.89 in orange juice and ≥1.17 in yogurt. No differences (p ≥ 0.05) were observed on the survival of BC among the samples collected over the digestion in juice or yogurt, or between these matrices. After the in vitro digestion, BC counts were ≥7 log CFU/mL or g. Results show the great survival of BC under GIT conditions and suggest both, juice and yogurt as appropriate carries for delivering this probiotic to the diet. The semi-dynamic in vitro system was easily built and to operate, comprising an intermediate approach to assess the resistance of probiotic or potentially probiotic strains under simulated gut conditions.

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The aim of this research was to identify the key lactic acid bacteria associated with the fermentation of dairy traditional fermented products for developing starter cultures for controlled fermentation. A total of 100 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from dairy traditional fermented products. Samples were obtained from eight producers in the South East of Nigeria. Isolates were identified by phenotypic and genotypic techniques including rep-PCR genotyping and sequencing of the 16S rRNA, pheS and rpoA genes. Isolates were characterised for antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens, exopolysaccharide (EPS) production and survival at low pH and in the presence of bile salts. All isolates clustered into 11 distinct rep-PCR groups and were identified as Lactobacillus fermentum (40%), Lactobacillus delbrueckii (23%), Streptococcus thermophilus (22%), Streptococcus infantarius (10%), Lactobacillus senioris (2%), Leuconostoc pseudomesenteriodes (2%) and Enterococcus thailandicus (1%). Lactobacillus fermentum showed a broad spectrum antimicrobial activity and survival at low pH, while Lactobacillus delbrueckii was able to tolerate low pH and produce EPS. All isolates survived in vitro exposure to 1% (w/v) bile salts over a 3-h period. L. fermentum, L. delbrueckii and S. thermophilus could be used to simulate the fermentation of dairy traditional fermented products.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e avaliar iogurte e sobremesa láctea fermentada adicionados de doce de caju. O doce foi elaborado com proporção para atingir 40ºBrix. O iogurte e a sobremesa láctea fermentada foram elaborados e avaliados quanto ao pH, acidez, proteína total, gordura, EST e cinzas após um dia de fabricação. A pós-acidificação foi avaliada durante 35 dias de armazenamento refrigerado. O teste de aceitação e intenção de compra foi realizado após 14 dias de armazenamento refrigerado. Os dados das características físico-químicas, pós-acidificação e avaliação sensorial foram analisados por Análise de Variância e teste de Tukey (p<0,05) ou análise de regressão. Os produtos atenderam os parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos exigidos pela legislação. Na pós-acidificação, o pH dos produtos reduziu ao longo do tempo e a acidez do iogurte foi superior da sobremesa láctea fermentada sendo em média 0,12% de ácido lático durante os 35 dias de armazenamento. O iogurte apresentou maior aceitação e intenção de compra que a sobremesa láctea fermentada. A fabricação dos produtos torna-se viável do ponto econômico, físico-químico e sensorial, além de agregar valor ao soro de leite e o caju.

The aim study was develop and evaluate yogurt and fermented dairy dessert added with cashew sweet. The sweet was prepared in proportion to 40ºBrix. The yogurt and fermented dairy dessert were evaluated for pH, acidity, total protein, fat, total solid and ash content after one day of manufacture. Post-acidification was evaluated during 35 days of refrigerated storage. The acceptance and purchase intention test was performed after 14 days of refrigerated storage. The results of physico-chemical characteristics, post-acidification and sensory evaluation were analyzed by Analysis of Variance and Tukey test (p<0.05) or regression analysis. The products is according the physico-chemical parameters required by the brazilian legislation. In post-acidification, the pH of the products decreased over time and acidity of yogurt was higher than fermented dairy dessert and the acidity on average 0.12% of lactic acid during the 35 days of storage. The yogurt presented a greater acceptance and intention to purchase than the fermented dairy dessert. The manufacture of the products showed viable from the economic point of view, physicochemical and sensorial, besides adding value to the whey and cashew.

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o objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e avaliar iogurte e sobremesa láctea fermentada adicionados de doce de caju. O doce foi elaborado com proporção para atingir 40oBrix. O iogurte e a sobremesa láctea fermentada foram elaborados e avaliados quanto ao pH, acidez, proteína total, gordura, EST e cinzas após um dia de fabricação. A pós-acidificação foi avaliada durante 35 dias de armazenamento refrigerado. O teste de aceitação e intenção de compra foi realizado após 14 dias de armazenamento refrigerado. Os dados das características fisico-químicas, pós-acidificação e avaliação sensorial foram analisados por Análise de Variância e teste de Tukey (p<0,05) ou análise de regressão. Os produtos atenderam os parâmetros fisico-químicos e microbiológicos exigidos pela legislação. Na pós-acidificação, o pH dos produtos reduziu ao longo do tempo e a acidez do iogurte foi superior da sobremesa láctea fermentada sendo em média 0,12% de ácido lático durante os 35 dias de armazenamento. O iogurte apresentou maior aceitação e intenção de compra que a sobremesa láctea fermentada. A fabricação dos produtos toma-se viável do ponto econômico, fisico-químico e sensorial, além de agregar valor ao soro de leite e o caju.(AU)

The aim study was develop and evaluate yogurt and fermented dairy dessert added with cashew sweet. The sweet was prepared in proportion to 40oBrix. The yogurt and fermented dairy dessert were evaluated for pH, acidity, total protein fat, total solid and ash content after one day of manufacture. Post-acidification was evaluated during 35 days of refrigerated storage. The acceptance and purchase intention test was performed after 14 days of refrigerated storage. The results of physico-chemical characteristics, post-acidification and sensory evaluation were analyzed by Analysis of Variance and Tukey test (p<0.05) or regression analysis. The products is according the physico-chemical parameters required by the Brazilian legislation. In post-acidification, the pH of the products decreased over time and acidity of yogurt was higher than fermented dairy dessert and the acidity on average 0.12% of lactic acid during the 35 days of storage. The yogurt presented a greater acceptance and intention to purchase than the fermented dairy dessert. The manufacture of the products showed viable from the economic point of view, physicochemical and sensorial, besides adding value to the whey and cashew.(AU)

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Constipation is a chronic problem in many patients all over the world. OBJECTIVE - To evaluate the effect of consumption of a probiotic fermented milk beverage containing Bifidobacterium animalis on the symptoms of constipation. METHODS - This randomized, double-blind controlled trial included 49 female patients aged 20 to 50 years and diagnosed with constipation according to the ROME III criteria (Diagnostic Criteria for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders) and the Bristol Stool Form Scale. The patients were randomized into two groups: the intervention group received the probiotic fermented milk beverage and the control group received non-probiotic milk. Participants were instructed to ingest 150 mL of the beverages during 60 days. At the end of this period, patients were assessed again by the ROME III criteria and Bristol scale. The Wilcoxon test was used to evaluate pre and post-intervention results of the ROME III criteria and Bristol scale. The statistical significance level was considered as 5% ( P ≤0.05). RESULTS - The intervention group showed improvement in the following criteria: straining during a bowel movement ( P <0.001), feeling of incomplete evacuation ( P <0.001) and difficulty in passing stool ( P <0.014), in addition to Bristol scale results ( P <0.001). In the control group, improvements were observed in the following criteria: straining during a bowel movement ( P <0.001), feeling of incomplete evacuation ( P <0.001) and difficulty in passing stool ( P <0.025), in addition to Bristol scale results ( P <0.001). No statistically significant post-intervention differences were observed between the two groups for the Rome III criteria and Bristol scale. CONCLUSION - The results show that the consumption of milk resulted in the improvement of constipation symptoms, regardless of the probiotic culture.

RESUMO CONTEXTO - Constipação é um sintoma crônico que acomete grande parte da população mundial. OBJETIVO - Avaliar o efeito do consumo de bebida láctea com cultura probiótica ( Bifidobacterium animalis ) nos sintomas de constipação intestinal. MÉTODOS - Ensaio clínico randomizado, duplo cego e controlado. A amostra foi de 49 pacientes, do gênero feminino, com idade entre 20 a 50 anos e com diagnóstico de constipação intestinal conforme os critérios de ROMA III ( Diagnostic Criteria for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders ) e escala de Bristol. As pacientes foram divididas em dois grupos através de randomização, o grupo intervenção recebeu bebida láctea com cultura probiótica e o grupo controle recebeu bebida láctea. Estas foram orientadas a consumir 150 mL diariamente durante 60 dias. Ao final deste período, aplicaram-se novamente os critérios de ROMA III e escala de Bristol. Para avaliação dos critérios de ROMA III e escala de Bristol pré e pós-intervenção, o teste de Wilcoxon foi aplicado. O nível de significância estatística considerado foi de 5% ( P ≤0,05). RESULTADOS - No grupo intervenção houve melhora nos seguintes critérios: esforço para evacuar ( P <0,001), sensação de evacuação incompleta ( P <0,001) e dificuldade na passagem das fezes ( P =0,014), além da escala de Bristol ( P =<0,001). No grupo controle houve melhora nos seguintes critérios: esforço para evacuar ( P <0,001), sensação de evacuação incompleta ( P <0,001) e dificuldade na passagem das fezes ( P =0,025), além da escala de Bristol ( P =<0,001). Verificou-se que os critérios de Roma III e escala de Bristol não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos pós-intervenção. CONCLUSÃO - Concluiu-se que o consumo de bebida láctea auxiliou na melhora dos sintomas de constipação intestinal, independentemente da cultura probiótica.

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É importante identificar o papel do Brasil dentro do mercado internacional, analisando a evolução da produção e competitividade dos produtos lácteos frente aos principais players mundiais. Assim, estudo busca identificar a competitividade dos produtos lácteos brasileiros em paridade aos principais produtores e exportadores de derivados lácteos no mundo. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, este estudo baseou-se na metodologia de Índice de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada (IVCR). Os principais resultados obtidos neste estudo identificaram uma desvantagem comparativa nas exportações. Na média entre 2006 e 2014, o IVCR foi de 0,12 e 0,92 respectivamente. Um índice relativamente baixo, mas com base nos últimos resultados, o país conseguiu ampliar suas vantagens frente ás exportações. Tradicionalmente o Brasil é um grande produtor de leite e estimado como promissor no cenário lácteo mundial, no entanto, ainda é preciso desenvolver muito no que se refere às relações internacionais.

It is important to identify the role of Brazil in the international market, analyzing the evolution of production and competitiveness of dairy products across the major world players. Thus, the study seeks to identify the competitiveness of Brazilian dairy products in parity to the main producers and exporters of dairy products in the world. To achieve this purpose, this study was based on Comparative Advantage Index methodology Revealed (IVCR). The main results obtained in this study identified a comparative disadvantage in exports. On average between 2006 and 2014, the IVCR was 0.12 and 0.92 respectively. A relatively low rate, but based on the latest results, the country managed to expand its front advantages ace exports. Traditionally Brazil is a major producer of milk and estimated as promising in the global dairy scenario, however, we still need to develop a lot in regard to international relations.

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